Nicotinamide Riboside Slows Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Preclinical Findings

Synopsis

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common age-related condition that causes chronic back pain and reduced mobility. This study investigated how nicotinamide riboside (NR)—a vitamin B3–derived NAD+ booster—protects spinal disc cells by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a key cellular defense system. In experiments using nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, inflammation triggered by IL-1β increased mitochondrial stress and cell death. Treatment with NR enhanced UPRmt activity, boosted mitophagy (the removal of damaged mitochondria), increased cellular ATP and NAD+ levels, and prevented NP cell apoptosis. These effects were linked to the ATF5–PINK1 signaling pathway, which controls mitochondrial quality. When PINK1 was silenced, NR’s protective effects were lost, confirming its role in the mechanism. In rat models, NR treatment reduced disc degeneration and preserved disc structure. Overall, the study shows that NR protects intervertebral discs by activating UPRmt and promoting mitochondrial repair, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for slowing or preventing spinal disc degeneration.

Journal

Cell Biology and Toxicology